Confounding occurs in statistical analysis when an extraneous ... We will again use data from the ESCAPE-NA1 trial14 to illustrate effect modification identified through interaction terms in logistic ...

The confounding by histology was due to a higher completeness ... Rather than reflecting on this as the modification of a causal effect, we think it is more likely that the causation is in the ...

Three basic types of ecological effect are described: a direct cross level effect (for example, living in a deprived community directly affects individual personal health), cross level effect ...

2 Few studies have considered HT effects in younger postmenopausal women. Moreover, most observational studies have not reported on possible confounding or effect modification by other AD risk factors ...

No effect modification was found for sex ... 95% CI 0.68 to 0.95), with the magnitude of the potential confounding effect being virtually null. 45 In addition, since dyspnoea could also be an ...

The same type of effect modification was found in the models with other disease activity measures. Effect modification or confounding was not found for HLA-B27, drug use (NSAIDs, TNFi) and the ...

The physical properties (eg, mass and charge) of the particles used in particle therapy, a form of external beam radiotherapy (using, for example, protons, carbon ions, or helium ions), have the ...

Conclusions Multiple factors affect LBC unsatisfactory rates ... 43 Most laboratories use TBS or some modification thereof for interpretation of cervical cytology smears. We could not, however, ...

Calibration was evaluated by the D’Agostino and Nam modification of the Hosmer-Lemeshow χ 2 approach ... No differences were found regarding medications that could affect cardiac conduction such as ...

But that’s when things fell apart in what’s becoming an increasingly confounding and frustrating problem. The clutch-time woes from the past few weeks again reared its presence Wednesday.

It is being described as the Sandals Effect, a phenomenon observed in the Caribbean destinations where Sandals Resorts has established a presence. The term refers to the positive ripple effects ...