Prolonged exposure to 5 % HCl significantly impacts SS 304's microstructure and mechanical properties, emphasizing the need ...

Conductive hydrogels from ionic liquids are widely used in soft electronics and solid electrolytes due to their high flexibility and conductivity. However, engineering such hydrogels with simultaneous ...

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(a) Diagrams illustrating how columnar grains develop during the LPBF, contributing to microstructural anisotropy; (b) Stress-strain curves ... The ultimate tensile strength reached 906.1 MPa ...

The main causes include columnar grain structures, porosity, and residual stress ... the metal's strength and flexibility became nearly identical in all directions. The ultimate tensile strength ...