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Evolving intelligent life took billions of years—but it may not have been as unlikely as many scientists predicted
A popular model of evolution concludes that it was incredibly unlikely for humanity to evolve on Earth, and that extraterrestrial intelligence is vanishingly rare.
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Evolving Intelligent Life May Not Have Been as Unlikely as Many Scientists Predicted
The physicists Frank Tipler and John Barrow predicted that hard steps must have happened only once in the history of life—a logic taken from evolutionary biology. If an evolutionary innovation ...